Rose, H. - The Churches and Usury

Make for thyself a definition or description of the thing which is presented to thee, so as to see distinctly what kind of a thing it is, in its substance, in its nudity, in its complete entirety, and tell thyself its proper name, and
the names of the things of which it has been compounded, and into which it will be resolved. For nothing is so productive of elevation of mind as to be able to examine methodically and truly every object which is presented to thee in life, and always to look at things so as to see at the same time what kind of universe this is, and what kind of use everything performs in it, and what value everything has with reference to the whole, and what with reference to man, who is a citizen of the highest city, of which all other cities are like families ; what each thing is, and of what it is composed, and how long it is the nature of this thing to endure. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.

160 Pages
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Poole, Richard - Benedict IX and Gregory VI

IT is a famous story that in 1046 King Henry III of Germany went into Italy and held a synod at which three Popes were deposed. It appears in perhaps its most picturesque form in the Bari annals known as the Chronicle of Lupus Protospatharius, an author who wrote about forty years later and who did not so much as know the German king's name. 'In this year', he says, Conus', that is Conrad, 'king of the Alemans went to Rome because there were three Popes there : Silvester in St. Peter's Church, Gregory in the Lateran, and Benedict in the Tusculan. They were expelled, and Clement was consecrated by the aforesaid emperor.' Now there is no doubt that at various dates in the preceding two years three men had occupied the Holy See ; but whether all the three were claimants to it in 1046 is still disputed.

48 Pages
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Dorothy M. Peters - Noah Traditions in the Dead Sea Scrolls

As father of all humanity and not exclusively of Israel, Noah was a problematic ancestor for some Jews in the Second Temple period. His archetypical portrayals in the Dead Sea Scrolls, differently nuanced in Hebrew and Aramaic, embodied the tensions for groups that were struggling to understand both their distinctive self-identities within Judaism and their relationship to the nations among whom they lived. Dually located within a trajectory of early Christian and rabbinic interpretation of Noah and within the Jewish Hellenistic milieu of the Second Temple period, this study of the Noah traditions in the Dead Sea Scrolls illuminates living conversations and controversies among the people who transmitted them and promises to have implications for ancient questions and debates that extended considerably beyond the Dead Sea Scrolls.


273 Pages
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Painter, William - Popery - The Enemy and the Falsifier of Scripture

If there be one fact more notorious tlian another in the practice ofthe modern Church of Rome, it is the sedulous and incessant care with which—in all countries where Popery is dominant —her bishops and priests keep the holy Scriptures from the people. Where, however. Papists live in society with Protestants, they would gladly conceal this fact, if it were possible ; and they spare no pains to cause it to be believed, that their section of the universal Church never withheld the Bible from the people. Hence the Romish " bishops, and vicars apostolic, and their coadjutors in Great Britain," in their " Declaration," which was first published in 1826, and which has recently been re-printed,* complain that " they are still exhibited to the public as enemies to the circulation and to the reading of the holy Scriptures (Preamble, p. 4) ; and that " the Catholic" [Romish] " Church is held out as an enemy to the readimj and
circulating of the holy Scriptures^ (Sect. 3, p. 7).

56 Pages
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Milner, John - The End of Religious Controversy

Preface:

In tihis work, entitled "The End of Religious Controversy the author and his correspondents having established the certainty of divine revelation and the truth of the Christian religion he proposes the means by which, among the various discordant creeds of those who profess Christianity, the true faith which Jesus Christ brought down from heaven, and the true church which he established on earth, may be discovered. He undertakes to prove that we are provided with the certain means of making this discovery, and that Christ himself has left us a rule ; ojjaith adapted to the capacities of all, by which we may come to the knowledge of true religion.

345 Pages
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McCulloch, Thomas - Popery Condemned by Scripture and Fathers

Preface:

THE foiiowing Refutation was occasioned by a virulent attack upon the Protestant religion, and a defence of Popery, which has been published anonymously, and circulated with great industry through Nova Scotia and the adjacent province?. Though I have no wish to excite animosity among the subjects of a Government, whose indulgent mildness ought to satisfy every religious party, I conceived it my duty to appear in defence of those principles which our ancestors have transmitted to us with the testimony of their blood. It appeared to me, also, that .something of this kind was requisite in a country
where books upon the Popish controversy are rarely to be found, and w^here Papists propagate their doctrines with a zeal that would do honour to a better cause : And besides, the Author of the Remarks needed a little wholesome
castigation, to prevent him from arrogating to himself a victory, to which he has no claim.

394 Pages
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Mathew, Arnold - Life and Times of Rodrigo Borgia - Pope Alexander VI

Preface:

THE object I have in view in writing this book is merely to present as accurate a sketch of the life and times of the principal member of the Borgia family as it seems possible to produce, with the comparatively
few contemporary materials that are now available. The second and third volumes of Monsieur Thuasne's Latin edition of the Diary of John Burchard Bishop of Orta, afford much trustworthy information at
first hand. The value of this information has been minimised, firstly, by those who, like Leibnitz, have published merely extracts from it, conveying a false impression of the work itself ; and, secondly, by Borgian apologists, who have striven to cast doubts upon the veracity of the Bishop of Orta, or to attribute those entries in his Diary which tell against the Spanish Pope to interpolators who were the alleged enemies of his Holiness, and anxious to defame him. The Diary begins in 1483 and ends, with the death of its author, in 1506. In the short space of twentythree years, during which Burchard held the office of Pontifical Master of the Ceremonies, no fewer than five Popes had been personally known and served by him. He resided in the Vatican, and, as was customary, kept, for his own private use and information, a daily record of the events which interested him. This Diary was obviously not intended for publication, nor for any other eye than that of Burchard himself. The original Diary is now kept securely locked up in the Vatican, and
would probably never have seen the light of day had it not been for Rodrigo Borgia's namesake, Pope
Alexander VII. (1655-67), who caused a copy of it to be made for his kinsman, Prince Chigi, who
placed it in the library of the Chigi Palace. It thus became accessible to historical and liturgical students,
and extracts from it have, from time to time, appeared, whilst all historians of the period it covers
have sought information in its pages.

490 Pages
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